Introduction: During the last decade, the incidence of fungal infection has been increased in many countries. Because of the advent of resistant to antifungal agents, determination of an efficient strategic plan for treatment of fungal disease is an important issue in clinical mycology. Many methods have been introduced and developed for determination of invitro susceptibility tests. During the recent years, flow cytometry has developed to solving the problem and many papers have documented the usefulness of this technique.Materials and methods: As the first step, the invitro susceptibility of standard PTCC (Persian Type of Culture Collection) strain and some clinical isolates of Candida consisting of Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. kefyer and C. parapsilosis were evaluated by macrodilution broth method according to NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) guidelines and flow cytometry susceptibility test.Results: The data indicated that macro dilution broth methods and flow cytometry have the same results in determination of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) for amphotericin B, clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole and miconazole in C. albicans PTCC 5027 as well as clinical Candida isolates, such as C.albicans, C.dubliniensis, C.glabrata C.kefyr, and C.parapsilosis.Discussion: Comparing the results obtained by macro dilution broth and flow cytometry methods revealed that flow cytometry was faster. It is suggested that flow cytometrysusceptibility test can be used as a powerful tool for determination of MIC and administration of the best antifungal drug in treatment of patients with Candida infections.

Increasing prevalence of Candidasis with the emergence of non-albicans Candida spp. and acquiring antifungal resistance has showed routine antifungal susceptibility testing. In present work, Itraconazole (ITZ) susceptibility of 106 Candida strains of 8 different species isolated from clinical specimens of patient were studied by standard disk diffusion method (D.D) and the result were compared with results obtained form the broth micro dilution-based reference method (B.M.D).Susceptibility ranking to ITZ obtained with all yeasts tested was decreased from C.dubliniensis to C.parapsilosis, C.lusittani, C.kefyr, C.albicans, C.tropicalis, C.glabera and C.krusei. C.krusei and C.glaberata showed the highest rate (5.66%/7.54%) of S-DD/R among all species tested. In D.D and B.M.D method 85.85% and 86.79% of isolates were susceptible (S), whereas 10.37% and 7.54% showed dose-dependent susceptibility (S-DD), and 3.77% and 5.66% were resistant (R), respectively. A total correlation between D.D & reference methods was measured as 89.1 % (p<0.05).this data suggest The D.D method is a rapid, simple and reliable screening test for routine susceptibility testing use.

Fungal infections are considered a major problem in the developing countries and common drugs for treatment are also toxic and expensive or have side effects. The purpose of this study is introduction of a new antifungal plant drug for treatment of fungi diseases, which have not yet an ideal treatment, such as dermatophytosis. For invitro study, First, Myrtus Communis leaves were gathered, then dried and powdered. Extracting was done by percolation with solvents, Ethanol, Chloroform, N-Hexane and Petroleum Benzine. Then, various dilutions 30-600 mg/ml and 0.5-4 mg/ml extract were used on those fungi by Broth Dilution method and fungi growth was studied and MIC and MFC of those fungi were determined. The drug clotrimazole was used as a control for lack of growth in order to comparing it as a chemical drug with the mentioned extract. The dilution of 30-600mg/ml whole extract did not allow fungi trichophyton menagrophytes and Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton Fluccosume to grow, but it was not effective on fungi candida Albicans and Aspergillus Niger. Other fractions Chloroform, N-Hexane and etherdipetrolic also had not effect on any of the fungi. But at lower dilution for whole extract of Myrtus Communis, MIC for fungus Tricophyton Mentagrophytes was 1.5 mg/ml and for Microsporum Canis was 1mg/ml and for Epidermophyton Floccosume was 1mg/ml. With respect to effectiveness of hydroalcoholic whole extract of Myrtus Communis on fungi Tricophyton Mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton Floccosume and Microsporum Canis, it is recommended to use this extract for treatment and eradication of these fungi.

Microbial infection and microbial resistance to the classical antibiotics have been immense challenges which portend the health of societies. This has directed researchers to straight their attention onto the plants to discover new possible antimicrobial compounds. In this work, 5 solvents were employed to extract the dried seeds powder of quince by ultrasound including ethanol, ethyl-acetate, chloroform, n-hexane, and diethyl-ether. Each extract was subjected to three in vitro antimicrobial tests using the broth-dilution method. The antibacterial effect against the following aerobic bacteria which are Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603, Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313, and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli BAA-1427 applying ciprofloxacin antibiotic as a standard reference, antibacterial study against anaerobic bacteria which include Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, Fusobacterium necrophorum ATCC 25286, and Prevotella melaninogenica ATCC 25845 employing metronidazole as a reference, and antifungal study versus Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888, nystatin was the reference. The toxicity against the normal bacterial flora was evaluated to verify the safety profile of the extracts. The results revealed that the extracts have antimicrobial activities with supremacy linked to ethanol extract. In accordance to the activity evidence values, the extracts displayed bactericidal and fungicidal activities, with ethanol extract having the least harmful effect against non-pathogenic microbial strain.

Background and Aim: In this study, the effect of Myrtus extracts on 25 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli ESBL strains isolated from patients were compared by two methods. Materials and Methods: 15 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 10 Escherichia coli ESBL isolates were used in this study. Fresh Leaves of Myrtus were collected from the herbal medicine farm. Extraction was performed using a reflux distillation. The effect of concentrations 0. 195-100 micrograms per ml of Myrtus extract on clinical isolates was analyzed in disk diffusion method compared with micro broth dilution method and with MTT in 545 nm on an ELISA reader apparatus. Findings: Inhibition zone diameter for the minimum effective concentration of 50 micrograms per milliliter in all isolates of ESBL and MRSA were as 8± 1 mm and 11± 1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was 6. 25mic/ml and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined 12. 5mic/ml for E. coli ESBL. Furthermore, the amounts for MIC and MBC was determined as 12. 5 and 25 mic/ml, respectively for Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The results of this study showed compliance of two methods in evaluation of drug-resistant clinical isolates. It was proved that the disk diffusion method could be determining range of effective concentration but micro broth method determines the effective concentration carefully. It is recommended that results obtained from disk diffusion not to be basis for final decisions in traditional medicine studies. Bacterial behavior in the broth and determination of the point of death greatly increases the accuracy of the results.

Introduction: Candida species have various degrees of susceptibility to antifungal drugs. Thus, detection of antifungal treatment by susceptibility testing methods as a routine test is quit crucial.Materials & Method: A comparison of the disk diffusion method (D.D) as screening test and the reference broth microdilution method (B.M.D) for fluconazole was performed according to national committee for clinical laboratory standards (NCCLS) with106 in one group of Candida spp. in Tehran. Result: In D.D and B.M.D 69.81% and 61.32% of isolates were susceptible(S), whereas 22.6% and 24.52% showed dose-dependent susceptibility (S-DD), and 15.09% and 14.15% were resistant (R), respectively. Susceptibility ranking to fluconazole obtained with all yeasts tested was C.dubliniensis » C.parapsilosis » C.lusittani » C.kefyr > C.albicans > C.tropicalis > C.glabera > C.krusei. Conclusion: C.krusei and C.glaberata showed the highest rate of S-DD/R among all species tested. A total correlation between two methods was measured as 94.34% (p<0.05). The D.D method is recommended as a rapid, simple and reliable screening test for detection of susceptibility and compatible with the gold standard method (B.M.D).